Durand Line Agreement Pdf

Much of durand`s northern and central line is quite mountainous, with border crossing often only convenient on the many passes through the mountains. Border crossings are very common, especially among Pashtuns who cross the border to meet relatives or work. The movement of people crossing the border has been largely uncontrolled or uncontrolled,[65] although passports and visas are sometimes checked at official crossing points. In June 2011, the United States installed a biometric system at the border crossing near Spin Boldak to improve the security situation and block insurgent infiltration into southern Afghanistan. [84] The area crossed by the Durand Line has been inhabited by indigenous Pashtuns since ancient times, at least since 500 BC. C[22]. The Greek historian Herodotus already mentioned in the 1st millennium BC. a people called Pactyans who lived in and around Arachosia. [23] Baloch tribes inhabit the southern end of the line that runs into the Balochistan region that divides the ethnic Baloch people.

Her Majesty`s Government of the United Kingdom has noted with regret the differences of opinion between the Governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan on the state of the areas on the north-western border. Her Majesty`s Government considers that under international law, Pakistan is the heir to the rights and duties of the former Government of India and Her Majesty`s Government in the United Kingdom in these areas and that the Durand Line is the international border. [48] (6)The above articles of the Treaty are considered by the Government of India and His Highness the Emir of Afghanistan as a complete and satisfactory settlement of all major disagreements that have arisen between them with regard to the border, and both the Government of India and His Highness the Emir undertake that all detailed differences shall be those mentioned below by the officers appointed to delimit the border to In order to eliminate, as far as possible, all grounds for doubt and misunderstanding between the two governments in the future must be resolved. The Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Headquarters (AGCHO) presents the line on its maps as a de facto border, including the designation of the “Durand Line 2310 km (1893)” as the “International Demarcation Line” on its homepage. [64] However, a map in an article by the “Secretary General of the Government of Balochistan in Exile” extends the border from Afghanistan to the Indus. [32] The Pashtun-dominated Afghan government not only refuses to recognize the Durand Line as an international border between the two countries, but also claims that Pakistan`s Pashtun territories rightly belong to Afghanistan. [12] The Durand Line Agreement does not mention a time limit, suggesting that the contract does not have an expiry date. In 2004, spokesmen for the Office of geographer and global affairs of the United States Department of State and the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office also pointed out that the Durand Line Agreement did not mention an expiry date. Pakistan`s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been heavily involved in Afghanistan affairs since the late 1970s.

During Operation Cyclone, with support and funding from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the United States, the ISI recruited militant mujahideen groups from the Pakistani side of the Durand Line to invade Afghan territory to launch missions to overthrow the Soviet-backed Afghan government. [55] Afghanistan KHAD was one of two intelligence agencies suspected of carrying out bombings in parts of the northwestern border (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in the early 1980s. [56] The U.S. State Department blamed WAD (an Afghan intelligence agency created by the KGB) for the terrorist bombings in Pakistani cities in 1987 and 1988. [57] [58] It is also believed that the Afghan PDPA government supported the left-wing Al-Zulfiqar organization in Pakistan, the group accused of hijacking a Pakistan International Airlines plane from Karachi to Kabul in 1981. The resulting agreement or treaty led to the creation of a new province, then called the Northwest Frontier Province and now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a province of Pakistan that includes FATA and border regions. This also led Afghanistan to receive Nuristan and Wakhan. The initial and primary demarcation, a joint Afghan-British survey and mapping effort, covered 800 miles and took place from 1894 to 1896. “The total length of the boundary, which had been demarcated and bounded between March 1894 and May 1896, was 800 miles. Detailed topographic maps with hundreds of boundary columns were soon published and are available in the British Library`s Survey of India collection. [27] The full 20-page text of these detailed Afghan-British joint demarcation records is available from several sources stating that “J. Donald and Sardar Shireendil Khan established the boundary between Sikaram Peak (34-03 North, 69-57 East) and Laram Peak (33-13 North, 70-05 East) in a document dated November 21, 1894.

This section was characterized by 76 columns. The border from Laram Peak to Khwaja Khidr (32–34 North). was measured and scored by H. A. Anderson in collaboration with various Afghan leaders. characterized by (39) columns described in a report dated April 15, 1895. L.W. King (published a report dated March 8, 1895 (on) the demarcation of the section from Khwaja Khidr to Domandi (31-55 north) by 31 columns. The line from Domandi to New Shaman (30-55 north, 66-22 east) was marked by 92 columns by a joint demarcation commission headed by Captain (later Lieutenant-Colonel Sir) Henry McMahon and Sardar Gul Muhammad Khan (who issued a report dated 26 February 1895). McMahon also headed the demarcation commission with Muhammad Umar Khan, who crossed the border from the new Shaman to the border triangle with Iran.

94 columns described in a report dated May 13, 1896. [28] [29] In 1896, the long stretch from the Kabul River to China, including the Wakhan Corridor, was declared demarcated due to its continuous and distinct watershed, leaving only the section near the Khyber Pass, which was eventually enshrined in the Treaty of the 22nd. It was demarcated in 1921 and signed by Mahmoud Tarzi, “head of the Afghan government for the conclusion of the treaty” and Henry R.C. Dobbs, envoy extraordinary and head of the British mission in Kabul. [28] A very short adjustment of the demarcation was made in 1933/34 in Arundu (Arnawai). [5] [28] (4) The border line is hereby defined in detail by British and Afghan Joint Commissioners, whose objective is to reach by mutual agreement a border which corresponds as precisely as possible to the line on the map annexed to this Agreement and, whenever possible and desirable, Delimited. taking due account of the existing local rights of the villages adjacent to the border […].

おうちワークの最新情報をお届け!

@chocotto_plus